I've been doing some Wordpress theme development recently, and I couldn't find a decent reference for the blocks that come with the default Wordpress editor. So I'll keep one here.

Wordpress Core

I'm pulling these out of the Wordpress Source

Content

• core/audio
• core/calendar
• core/buttons
• core/button – Only used inside core/buttons/
• core/code
• core/classic
• core/cover
• core/separator
• core/embed
• core/file
• core/gallery
• core/heading
• core/html
• core/image
• core/list
• core/paragraph
• core/preformatted
• core/pullquote
• core/quote
• core/table
• core/verse
• core/video
• core/youtube
• core/facebook
• core/instagram
• core/vimeo

Layout

• core/block
• core/columns
• core/column – Only used inside core/columns.
• core/more

Relational

• core/archives
• core/categories
• core/latest-comments
• core/latest-posts
• core/media-text
• core/missing
• core/navigation-link
• core/navigation
• core/nextpage
• core/group

Disabling blocks in the Post Editor

These identifiers are useful because they let you define a limited set of blocks that will be available in the post editor from your functions.php file.

function theme_allowed_block_types($allowed_block_types){
    return array(
		'core/paragraph',
		'core/heading',
        'core/list'
        # Add more identifiers here
	);
}
add_filter('allowed_block_types', 'theme_allowed_block_types');

In addition to this, I like to disable the default block CSS and style them myself instead. You do that by attaching a function to the wp_print_styles hook:

function remove_block_css()
{
	wp_deregister_style('wp-block-library');
}
add_action('wp_print_styles', 'remove_block_css');